Research has important implications for genomic medicine in the Arab world
Researchers in Qatar have unveiled a high-resolution map of the genetic structure of Arab and Middle Eastern populations, providing new insights into human history in the region and ancestral patterns that may help to explain local human traits and disease risks.
Crucially, the study – published in Nature Communications – reveals that ancient populations in the Arabian Peninsula played a far more central role in the story of early human migration out of Africa than was previously understood.
Genetic ancestry
Developed by an international team led by Dr Younes Mokrab and Dr Khalid Fakhro from Sidra Medicine in Qatar, in collaboration with Qatar Genome Programme, it is the first large-scale analysis of the genetics of Arab and Middle Eastern populations. DNA from more than 6,000 people living in Qatar were examined, with their genomes compared to those from other populations living around the world today, as well as ancient DNA.
Understanding the genetics of these under-characterized populations breaks down a barrier to precision medicine tailored to address disease risks unique to people with Middle Eastern ancestry.
The study revealed key novel historical and social insights into Arab populations:
- A population split from early Africans occurred around 90,000 years ago, followed by a further split between 30-42,000 years ago that gave rise to the ancestors of modern-day Arab, European, and South Asian populations. This is supported by the observation that Neanderthal DNA is far rarer in Arab populations than in populations that later mixed with ancient hominins.
- Arab ancestral populations have undergone multiple splitting events 12-20,000 years ago, giving rise to various settling and Bedouin communities concurrent with the aridification of Arabia.
- By comparing modern genomes to various ancient human DNA dating back to Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. Peninsular Arabs were found to be the closest relatives to so-called ‘Basal Eurasian’ Neolithic farmers and hunter-gatherers who occupied the ancient Middle East.
- The study found very high rates of homozygosity, which is likely to be a result of the tribal nature of Arab cultures, suggesting the suitability of this population in discovering novel disease risk genes.
We are discovering every day that modern day Qatar is an excellent proxy for the diverse Arab world, and future discoveries from this population will have tremendous implications for precision medicine for millions of Arabs everywhere.
Largest Arab genomic dataset
Dr Mokrab, head of the Medical and Population Genomics lab at Sidra Medicine – which is a member of Qatar Foundation – and Assistant Professor of Genomic Medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, said: “Our in-depth genetic analyses of 6,218 Qatari genomes leverages the biggest dataset of this kind from the Middle East to date.
“Despite the relatively small size of the Qatari population, we discovered diverse ancestries relating to Europe, Asia, Africa and even South America. Notably we found a unique group of Peninsular Arabs as the most ancient of all modern Middle Eastern populations. This provides a fantastic addition to our knowledge of human genetic diversity.”
Professor Asma Al Thani of Qatar Genome Programme said: “As producers of the largest genomic dataset in the region, we hold a responsibility as Qatar We are discovering every day that modern day Qatar is an excellent proxy for the diverse Arab world, and future discoveries from this population will have tremendous implications for precision medicine
for millions of Arabs everywhere.
Genome Programme to represent our part of the world and fill many of the existing knowledge gaps on genomics of the Middle Eastern populations. This paper is a great example of the role that we play.”
Dr Khalid Fakhro, Chief Research Officer at Sidra Medicine, added: “This work builds on the terrific momentum in human genome research taking place in Qatar, allowing us to appreciate, at unprecedented scale, the fascinating trajectory of different tribal ancestries across Arabia over the past millennia. We are discovering every day that modern day Qatar is an excellent proxy for the diverse Arab world, and future discoveries from this population will have tremendous implications for precision medicine for millions of Arabs everywhere.”
The results of the study are designed to be a benchmark for providing genomic medicine to the people of the Middle East and the Arab world. The researchers have used the data to build a reference panel to impute genetic variation, the first ever dedicated for Arab populations.
Reference:
Razali, R.M., Rodriguez-Flores, J., Ghorbani, M. et al. Thousands of Qatari genomes
inform human migration history and improve imputation of Arab haplotypes. Nature Communications 12, 5929 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25287-y
